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Verbitsky }} \renewcommand{\@evenhead}{\@oddhead} \renewcommand{\@oddfoot}{\hfil\thepage\hfil} \renewcommand{\@evenfoot}{\@oddfoot}} \pagestyle{verbit} \setlength\paperheight {10in}% \setlength\paperwidth {13.5in} \setlength{\textwidth}{0.8\paperwidth} \setlength{\textheight}{0.8\paperheight} \setlength{\pdfpageheight}{\paperheight} \setlength{\pdfpagewidth}{\paperwidth} \addtolength{\topmargin}{-20mm} \addtolength{\leftmargin}{-25mm} \addtolength{\rightmargin}{-25mm} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % Lemma, sublemma, corollary, proposition, theorem, % % definition,example defined there: % %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \newcounter{section} \newcounter{Mycounter}[section] \newcounter{lemma}[section] \setcounter{lemma}{0} \renewcommand{\thelemma}{\noindent{Lemma \thesection.\arabic{lemma}}} \newcommand{\lemma}{% \setcounter{lemma}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{lemma} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green LEMMA:\ }} \newcounter{claim}[section] \setcounter{claim}{0} \renewcommand{\theclaim}{\noindent{Claim \thesection.\arabic{claim}}} \newcommand{\claim}{% \setcounter{claim}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{claim} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green CLAIM:\ }} \newcounter{corollary}[section] \setcounter{corollary}{0} \renewcommand{\thecorollary}{\noindent{Corollary \thesection.\arabic{corollary}}} \newcommand{\corollary}{% \setcounter{corollary}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{corollary} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green COROLLARY:\ }} \newcounter{theorem}[section] \setcounter{theorem}{0} \renewcommand{\thetheorem}{\noindent{Theorem \thesection.\arabic{theorem}}} \newcommand{\theorem}{% \setcounter{theorem}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{theorem} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green THEOREM:\ }} \newcounter{conjecture}[section] \setcounter{conjecture}{0} \renewcommand{\theconjecture}{\noindent{Conjecture \thesection.\arabic{conjecture}}} \newcommand{\conjecture}{% \setcounter{conjecture}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{conjecture} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green CONJECTURE:\ }} \newcounter{proposition}[section] \setcounter{proposition}{0} \renewcommand{\theproposition} {\noindent{Proposition \thesection.\arabic{proposition}}} \newcommand{\proposition}{% \setcounter{proposition}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{proposition} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green PROPOSITION:\ }} \newcounter{definition}[section] \setcounter{definition}{0} \renewcommand{\thedefinition} {\noindent{Definition~\thesection.\arabic{definition}}} \newcommand{\definition}{% \setcounter{definition}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{definition} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green DEFINITION:\ }} \newcounter{example}[section] \setcounter{example}{0} \renewcommand{\theexample}{\noindent{Example \thesection.\arabic{example}}} \newcommand{\example}{% \setcounter{example}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{example} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green EXAMPLE:\ }} \newcounter{remark}[section] \setcounter{remark}{0} \renewcommand{\theremark}{\noindent{Remark \thesection.\arabic{remark}}} \newcommand{\remark}{% \setcounter{remark}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{remark} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green REMARK:\ }} \newcounter{observation}[section] \setcounter{observation}{0} \renewcommand{\theobservation}{\noindent{Question \thesection.\arabic{observation}}} \newcommand{\observation}{% \setcounter{observation}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{observation} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green OBSERVATION:\ }} \newcounter{question}[section] \setcounter{question}{0} \renewcommand{\thequestion}{\noindent{Question \thesection.\arabic{question}}} \newcommand{\question}{% \setcounter{question}{\value{Mycounter}} \refstepcounter{question} \stepcounter{Mycounter} {\bf \green QUESTION:\ }} \newcommand{\exercise}{{\bf \green EXERCISE:\ }} \newcommand{\pstep}{{\bf \green Proof. Step 1:\ }} \newcommand{\proof}{{\bf \green Proof:\ }} \begin{document} \setcounter{page}{1} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \begin{center} {\Large\bf Hyperkahler manifolds, \\[15mm] \small lecture 1: holonomy} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \\[14mm] {\scriptsize NRU HSE, Moscow} \\[15mm] {\small Misha Verbitsky, September 18, 2019 } \\ [15mm] \url{http://bogomolov-lab.ru/KURSY/HK-2019/} \end{center} \newpage {\bf \blue Complex manifolds} {\bf\green DEFINITION:} Let $M$ be a smooth manifold. An {\bf \blue almost complex structure} is an operator $I:\; TM \arrow TM$ which satisfies $I^2 = - \Id_{TM}$. {\bf \purple The eigenvalues of this operator are $\pm \1$.} The corresponding eigenvalue decomposition is denoted $TM=T^{0,1}M\oplus T^{1,0}(M)$. {\bf\green DEFINITION:} An almost complex structure is {\bf \blue integrable} if $\forall X,Y \in T^{1,0}M$, one has $[X,Y]\in T^{1,0}M$. In this case $I$ is called {\bf \blue a complex structure operator}. A manifold with an integrable almost complex structure is called {\bf \blue a complex manifold}. {\bf\green THEOREM:} (Newlander-Nirenberg)\\ {\bf \red This definition is equivalent to the usual one.} \remark The commutator defines a $\C^\infty M$-linear map\\ $N:=\Lambda^2(T^{1,0})\arrow T^{0,1}M$, called {\bf \blue the Nijenhuis tensor} of $I$. {\bf \purple One can represent $N$ as a section of $\Lambda^{2,0}(M) \otimes T^{0,1}M$.} {\bf\green Exercise:} Prove that {\bf \blue $\C P^n$ is a complex manifold,} in the sense of the above definition. \newpage {\bf \blue K\"ahler manifolds} {\bf\green DEFINITION:} A Riemannian metric $g$ on an almost complex manifiold $M$ is called {\bf \blue Hermitian} if $g(Ix, Iy)= g(x,y)$. In this case, $g(x, Iy)= g(Ix, I^2y) = - g(y, Ix)$, hence $\omega(x,y):= g(x, Iy)$ is skew-symmetric. {\bf\green DEFINITION:} The differential form $\omega\in \Lambda^{1,1}(M)$ is called {\bf \blue the Hermitian form} of $(M,I,g)$. \remark It is $U(1)$-invariant, hence {\bf \purple of Hodge type (1,1)}. {\bf\green DEFINITION:} A complex Hermitian manifold $(M,I,\omega)$ is called {\bf \blue K\"ahler} if $d\omega=0$. The cohomology class $[\omega]\in H^2(M)$ of a form $\omega$ is called {\bf \blue the K\"ahler class} of $M$, and $\omega$ {\bf \blue the K\"ahler form}. \newpage {\bf\blue Examples of K\"ahler manifolds.} {\bf \green Definition:} Let $M=\C P^n$ be a complex projective space, and $g$ a $U(n+1)$-invariant Riemannian form. It is called {\bf \blue Fubini-Study form on $\C P^n$}. The Fubini-Study form is obtained by taking arbitrary Riemannian form and averaging with $U(n+1)$. {\bf \green Remark:} For any $x\in \C P^n$, the stabilizer $St(x)$ is isomorphic to $U(n)$. Fubini-Study form on $T_x\C P^n= \C^n$ is $U(n)$-invariant, hence unique up to a constant. {\bf \green Claim:} {\bf \red Fubini-Study form is K\"ahler.} Indeed, $d\omega\restrict x$ is a $U(n)$-invariant 3-form on $\C^n$, but such a form must vanish, because $-\Id\in U(n)$ \remark {\bf \purple The same argument works for all symmetric spaces.} {\bf \green Corollary:} {\bf \red Every projective manifold (complex submanifold of $\C P^n$) is K\"ahler.} Indeed, a restriction of a closed form is again closed. \newpage {\bf \blue Connections} {\bf \green Notation:} Let $M$ be a smooth manifold, $TM$ its tangent bundle, $\Lambda^iM$ the bundle of differential $i$-forms, $C^\infty M$ the smooth functions. {\bf \purple The space of sections of a bundle $B$ is denoted by $B$.} \definition A {\bf\blue connection} on a vector bundle $B$ is a map $B \stackrel \nabla \arrow \Lambda^1 M \otimes B$ which satisfies \[ \nabla(fb) = df \otimes b + f \nabla b\] for all $b\in B$, $f\in C^\infty M$. \remark A connection $\nabla$ on $B$ gives a connection $B^* \stackrel {\nabla^*} \arrow \Lambda^1 M \otimes B^*$ on the dual bundle, by the formula \[ d(\langle b, \beta\rangle) = \langle \nabla b, \beta\rangle+ \langle b, \nabla^*\beta\rangle \] These connections are usually denoted {\bf \red by the same letter $\nabla$.} \remark For any tensor bundle ${\cal B}_1:= B^*\otimes B^* \otimes ... \otimes B^* \otimes B\otimes B \otimes ... \otimes B$ {\bf \green a connection on $B$ defines a connection on ${\cal B}_1$} using the Leibniz formula: \[ \nabla(b_1 \otimes b_2) = \nabla(b_1) \otimes b_2 + b_1 \otimes \nabla(b_2). \] \newpage {\bf \blue Levi-Civita connection } \definition {\bf \blue Torsion} of a connection $\nabla$ is $T(X,Y):=\nabla_XY - \nabla_Y X- [X,Y]$, where $X, Y\in TM$. {\bf \green An exercise:} {\bf \red Prove that torsion is a $C^\infty M$-linear.} \definition Let $(M, g)$ be a Riemannian manifold. A connection $\nabla$ is called {\bf \blue orthogonal} if $\nabla(g) =0$. It is called {\bf \blue Levi-Civita} if it is torsion-free. \theorem (``the main theorem of differential geometry'')\\ {\bf \red For any Riemannian manifold, the Levi-Civita connection exists,\\ and it is unique}. \newpage {\bf \blue Levi-Civita connection and K\"ahler geometry} {\bf \green THEOREM:} Let $(M,I,g)$ be an almost complex Hermitian manifold. {\bf \purple Then the following conditions are equivalent.} (i) {\bf \red The complex structure $I$ is integrable, and the Hermitian form $\omega$ is closed.} (ii) One has {\red $\nabla(I)=0$,} where $\nabla$ is the Levi-Civita connection. \remark {\bf \purple The implication (ii) $\Rightarrow$ (i) is clear.} Indeed, $[X,Y]=\nabla_X Y - \nabla_Y X$, hence it is a $(1,0)$-vector field when $X, Y$ are of type (1,0), and then {\bf \blue $I$ is integrable}. Also, {\bf \blue $d\omega=0$, because $\nabla$ is torsion-free,} and $d\omega= \Alt(\nabla\omega)$. The implication (i) $\Rightarrow$ (ii) is proven by the same argument as used to construct the Levi-Civita connection. \newpage {\bf \blue Holonomy group} \definition (Cartan, 1923) Let $(B,\nabla)$ be a vector bundle with connection over $M$. For each loop $\gamma$ based in $x\in M$, let $V_{\gamma, \nabla}:\; B\restrict x \arrow B\restrict x$ be the corresponding parallel transport along the connection. The {\bf \blue holonomy group} of $(B,\nabla)$ is a group generated by $V_{\gamma, \nabla}$, for all loops $\gamma$. If one takes all contractible loops instead, $V_{\gamma, \nabla}$ generates {\bf \blue the local holonomy}, or {\bf \blue the restricted holonomy} group. \remark A bundle is {\bf \blue flat} (has vanishing curvature) {\bf\purple if and only if its restricted holonomy vanishes.} \remark If $\nabla(\phi)=0$ for some tensor $\phi\in B^{\otimes i}\otimes (B^*)^{\otimes j}$, {\bf \red the holonomy group preserves $\phi$.} \definition {\bf \blue Holonomy of a Riemannian manifold} is holonomy of its Levi-Civita connection. \example Holonomy of a Riemannian manifold lies in $O(T_x M, g\restrict x)=O(n)$. \example Holonomy of a K\"ahler manifold lies in $U(T_x M, g\restrict x, I \restrict x)=U(n)$. \remark The holonomy group {\bf \red does not depend on the choice of a point $x\in M$.} \newpage {\bf \blue Ambrose-Singer theorem} \definition Let $(B, \nabla)$ be a bundle with connection, $\Theta\in \Lambda^2(M)\otimes \End(B)$ its curvature, and $a,b\in T_x M$ tangent vectors. An endomorphism $\Theta(a,b)\in \End(B)\restrict x$ is called {\bf \blue a curvature element}. \theorem {\bf \blue (Ambrose-Singer)} The restricted holonomy group of $B, \nabla$ at $z\in M$ is a Lie group, {\bf \red with its Lie algebra generated by all curvature elements $\Theta(a,b)\in \End(B)\restrict x$ transported to $z$ along all paths.} \newpage {\bf \blue Holonomy representation} \definition Let $(M,g)$ be a Riemannian manifold, $G$ its holonomy group. A {\bf\blue holonomy representation} is the natural action of $G$ on $TM$. \theorem (de Rham) Suppose that the holonomy representation is not irreducible: $T_xM=V_1 \oplus V_2$. Then $M$ locally splits as $M=M_1 \times M_2$, with $V_1= TM_1$, $V_2=TM_2$. {\bf\green Proof. Step 1:} Using the parallel transform, we extend $V_1 \oplus V_2$ to a {\bf \purple splitting of vector bundles $TM = B_1 \oplus B_2$, preserved by holonomy.} {\bf\green Step 2:} The sub-bundles $B_1$, $B_2 \subset TM$ {\bf \purple are integrable:} $[B_1, B_1] \subset B_i$ (the Levi-Civita connection is torsion-free) {\bf\green Step 3:} Taking the leaves of these integrable distributions, {\bf \purple we obtain a local decomposition $M=M_1 \times M_2$, with $V_1= TM_1$, $V_2=TM_2$. } {\bf\green Step 4:} Since the splitting $TM = B_1 \oplus B_2$ is preserved by the connection, {\bf \purple the leaves $M_1, M_2$ are totally geodesic.} {\bf\green Step 5:} Therefore, {\bf \red locally $M$ splits (as a Riemannian manifold)}: \\ $M=M_1\times M_2$, where $M_1, M_2$ are any leaves of these foliations. \endproof \newpage {\bf \blue The de Rham splitting theorem} \corollary Let $M$ be a Riemannian manifold, and $\Hol_0(M)\stackrel \rho \arrow \End(T_xM)$ a reduced holonomy representation. Suppose that $\rho$ is reducible: $T_xM = V_1\oplus V_2 \oplus ...\oplus V_k$. {\bf \red Then $G=\Hol_0(M)$ also splits: $G= G_1\times G_2 \times ...\times G_k$,} with each $G_i$ acting trivially on all $V_j$ with $j\neq i$. {\bf \green Proof:} Locally, this statement follows from the local splitting of $M$ proven above. To obtain it globally in $M$, use the Lasso Lemma. \endproof \theorem (de Rham) A complete, simply connected Riemannian manifold with non-irreducible holonomy {\bf \red splits as a Riemannian product.} \remark It is easy to find non-complete or non-simply connected counterexamples to de Rham theorem. \newpage {\bf \blue Simons' theorem} \definition {\bf \blue A symmetric space} is a complete Riemannian manifold $X$ such that for all $x\in X$ there exists an isometry of $X$ fixing $x$ and acting as $-1$ in $T_x X$. \exercise Prove that {\bf \purple isometry group acts transitively on any symmetric manifold.} \theorem (Simons, 1962) Let $M$ be a manifold with irreducible holonomy. {\bf \red Then either $M$ is locally symmetric, or $\Hol(M)$ acts transitively on the unit sphere in $T_xM$.} \centerline{\epsfig{file=08simons-superJumbo.jpg,width=0.5\linewidth}} \centerline{\it\em\small James Harris Simons, b. 1938} \newpage {\bf \blue Berger's theorem} \theorem (Berger's theorem, 1955) Let $G$ be an irreducible holonomy group of a Riemannian manifold which is not locally symmetric. {\bf \red Then $G$ belongs to the Berger's list:} { \begin{tabular}{|l|l|} \hline \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\bf \color[rgb]{0,0,0.6}Berger's list}\\[1mm] \hline \it Holonomy & \it Geometry\\[1mm] \hline $SO(n)$ acting on $\R^n$ & Riemannian manifolds\\[1mm] \hline $U(n)$ acting on $\R^{2n}$ & K\"ahler manifolds\\[1mm] \hline $SU(n)$ acting on $\R^{2n}$, $n>2$ & Calabi-Yau manifolds\\[1mm] \hline $Sp(n)$ acting on $\R^{4n}$ & hyperk\"ahler manifolds\\[1mm] \hline $Sp(n)\times Sp(1)/\{\pm 1\}$ & quaternionic-K\"ahler\\[1mm] acting on $\R^{4n}$, $n>1$ & manifolds\\[1mm] \hline $G_2$ acting on $\R^7$ & $G_2$-manifolds \\[1mm] \hline $Spin(7)$ acting on $\R^8$ & $Spin(7)$-manifolds\\[1mm] \hline \end{tabular} } \remark There is one more group acting transitively on a sphere: $Spin(9)$ acting on $S^{15}\subset \R^{16}$. In 1968, D. Alekseevsky has shown that {\bf \purple a manifold with holonomy $Spin(9)$ is always locally symmetric.} {\small \remark A similar list exists for non-orthogonal irreducible holonomy without torsion (Merkulov, Schwachh\"ofer, 1999).} \newpage \centerline{\epsfig{file=berger.jpg,width=0.4\linewidth}} \centerline{\it Marcel Berger (1927 - 2016)} \newpage {\bf \blue Hyperk\"ahler manifolds} \remark A Riemannian manifold {\bf \purple is K\"ahler if and only if the holonomy of its Levi-Civita connection belongs to $U(n)$.} \definition Let $V=\R^{4n}={\Bbb H}^n$ be a quaternionic vector space. {\bf \blue Quaternionic Hermitian form} is a Eucidean metric $h$ on $V$ which is invariant under the action of $I,J,K$. A {\bf \blue unitary quaternionic map} is an ${\Bbb H}$-linear map $V \arrow V$ which preserves the metric. \definition $\Sp(n)=U(n, {\Bbb H})$ is the group of unitary quaternionic matrices. \definition {\bf \blue A hyperk\"ahler manifold} is a Riemannian manifold such that the holonomy of its Levi-Civita connection belongs to $Sp(n)$ \newpage {\bf \blue Hyperk\"ahler manifolds (2)} \begin{wrapfigure}{r}{0.25\linewidth} \centerline{\epsfig{file=newcalabi.jpg,width=\linewidth}} \centerline{{\it\green\small Eugenio Calabi, b. 1923}} \end{wrapfigure} \begin{minipage}[t]{0.9\linewidth} \definition {\bf \blue (E. Calabi, 1978)}\\ Let $(M, g)$ be a Riemannian manifold equipped with three complex structure operators $I, J, K:\; TM\arrow TM$, satisfying the quaternionic relations \[ I^2=J^2=K^2=IJK=-\Id.\] Suppose that $I$, $J$, $K$ are K\"ahler. Then $(M, I, J, K, g)$ is called {\bf \blue hyperk\"ahler}.\\ \remark {\bf \red This is the same as $\Hol(M)\subset \Sp(n)$.} Indeed, if $\Hol(M)\subset \Sp(n)$, we have 3 complex structures $I, J, K:\; TM\arrow TM$, such that $\nabla(I)=\nabla(J)=\nabla(K)=0$, which implies that $I, J, K$ are K\"ahler. Conversely, if $I, J, K$ are K\"ahler, we have $\nabla(I)=\nabla(J)=\nabla(K)=0$. \end{minipage} \newpage {\bf \blue Holomorphic symplectic geometry} \remark A hyperk\"ahler manifold $(M,I,J,K)$ is equipped with 3 symplectic forms $\omega_I$, $\omega_J$, $\omega_K$, with \[ \omega_I(x, y):= g(x, Iy), \ \omega_J(x, y):= g(x, Jy), \ \omega_K(x, y):= g(x, Ky). \] \lemma The form $\Omega:= \omega_J+\1\omega_K$ {\bf \purple is a holomorphic symplectic 2-form on $(M,I)$.} \endproof Converse is also true, as follows from the famous conjecture, made by Calabi in 1952. \theorem {\bf \blue (S.-T. Yau, 1978)} \\ Let $M$ be a compact, holomorphically symplectic K\"ahler manifold. Then {\bf \red $M$ admits a hyperk\"ahler metric,} which is uniquely determined by the cohomology class of its K\"ahler form $\omega_I$. {\green \it Hyperk\"ahler geometry is essentially the same as holomorphic symplectic geometry} \end{document}